Examples with Decoder org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.decode.Decoder used on opensource projects

Example 1 with Decoder

use of org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.decode.Decoder in project incubator-systemml by apache.

the class ParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction method processInstruction.

@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void processInstruction(ExecutionContext ec) throws DMLRuntimeException {
    SparkExecutionContext sec = (SparkExecutionContext) ec;
    String opcode = getOpcode();
    //opcode guaranteed to be a valid opcode (see parsing)
    if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("mapgroupedagg")) {
        //get input rdd handle
        String targetVar = params.get(Statement.GAGG_TARGET);
        String groupsVar = params.get(Statement.GAGG_GROUPS);
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> target = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(targetVar);
        PartitionedBroadcast<MatrixBlock> groups = sec.getBroadcastForVariable(groupsVar);
        MatrixCharacteristics mc1 = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(targetVar);
        MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
        CPOperand ngrpOp = new CPOperand(params.get(Statement.GAGG_NUM_GROUPS));
        int ngroups = (int) sec.getScalarInput(ngrpOp.getName(), ngrpOp.getValueType(), ngrpOp.isLiteral()).getLongValue();
        //single-block aggregation
        if (ngroups <= mc1.getRowsPerBlock() && mc1.getCols() <= mc1.getColsPerBlock()) {
            //execute map grouped aggregate
            JavaRDD<MatrixBlock> out = target.map(new RDDMapGroupedAggFunction2(groups, _optr, ngroups));
            MatrixBlock out2 = RDDAggregateUtils.sumStable(out);
            //put output block into symbol table (no lineage because single block)
            //this also includes implicit maintenance of matrix characteristics
            sec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), out2);
        } else //multi-block aggregation
        {
            //execute map grouped aggregate
            JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> out = target.flatMapToPair(new RDDMapGroupedAggFunction(groups, _optr, ngroups, mc1.getRowsPerBlock(), mc1.getColsPerBlock()));
            out = RDDAggregateUtils.sumByKeyStable(out, false);
            //updated characteristics and handle outputs
            mcOut.set(ngroups, mc1.getCols(), mc1.getRowsPerBlock(), mc1.getColsPerBlock(), -1);
            sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
            sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), targetVar);
            sec.addLineageBroadcast(output.getName(), groupsVar);
        }
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("groupedagg")) {
        boolean broadcastGroups = Boolean.parseBoolean(params.get("broadcast"));
        //get input rdd handle
        String groupsVar = params.get(Statement.GAGG_GROUPS);
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> target = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(params.get(Statement.GAGG_TARGET));
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> groups = broadcastGroups ? null : sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(groupsVar);
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> weights = null;
        MatrixCharacteristics mc1 = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(params.get(Statement.GAGG_TARGET));
        MatrixCharacteristics mc2 = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(groupsVar);
        if (mc1.dimsKnown() && mc2.dimsKnown() && (mc1.getRows() != mc2.getRows() || mc2.getCols() != 1)) {
            throw new DMLRuntimeException("Grouped Aggregate dimension mismatch between target and groups.");
        }
        MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, WeightedCell> groupWeightedCells = null;
        // Step 1: First extract groupWeightedCells from group, target and weights
        if (params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS) != null) {
            weights = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS));
            MatrixCharacteristics mc3 = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS));
            if (mc1.dimsKnown() && mc3.dimsKnown() && (mc1.getRows() != mc3.getRows() || mc1.getCols() != mc3.getCols())) {
                throw new DMLRuntimeException("Grouped Aggregate dimension mismatch between target, groups, and weights.");
            }
            groupWeightedCells = groups.join(target).join(weights).flatMapToPair(new ExtractGroupNWeights());
        } else //input vector or matrix
        {
            String ngroupsStr = params.get(Statement.GAGG_NUM_GROUPS);
            long ngroups = (ngroupsStr != null) ? (long) Double.parseDouble(ngroupsStr) : -1;
            //execute basic grouped aggregate (extract and preagg)
            if (broadcastGroups) {
                PartitionedBroadcast<MatrixBlock> pbm = sec.getBroadcastForVariable(groupsVar);
                groupWeightedCells = target.flatMapToPair(new ExtractGroupBroadcast(pbm, mc1.getColsPerBlock(), ngroups, _optr));
            } else {
                //replicate groups if necessary
                if (mc1.getNumColBlocks() > 1) {
                    groups = groups.flatMapToPair(new ReplicateVectorFunction(false, mc1.getNumColBlocks()));
                }
                groupWeightedCells = groups.join(target).flatMapToPair(new ExtractGroupJoin(mc1.getColsPerBlock(), ngroups, _optr));
            }
        }
        // Step 2: Make sure we have brlen required while creating <MatrixIndexes, MatrixCell> 
        if (mc1.getRowsPerBlock() == -1) {
            throw new DMLRuntimeException("The block sizes are not specified for grouped aggregate");
        }
        int brlen = mc1.getRowsPerBlock();
        // Step 3: Now perform grouped aggregate operation (either on combiner side or reducer side)
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixCell> out = null;
        if (_optr instanceof CMOperator && ((CMOperator) _optr).isPartialAggregateOperator() || _optr instanceof AggregateOperator) {
            out = groupWeightedCells.reduceByKey(new PerformGroupByAggInCombiner(_optr)).mapValues(new CreateMatrixCell(brlen, _optr));
        } else {
            // Use groupby key because partial aggregation is not supported
            out = groupWeightedCells.groupByKey().mapValues(new PerformGroupByAggInReducer(_optr)).mapValues(new CreateMatrixCell(brlen, _optr));
        }
        // Step 4: Set output characteristics and rdd handle 
        setOutputCharacteristicsForGroupedAgg(mc1, mcOut, out);
        //store output rdd handle
        sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
        sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), params.get(Statement.GAGG_TARGET));
        sec.addLineage(output.getName(), groupsVar, broadcastGroups);
        if (params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS) != null) {
            sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS));
        }
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("rmempty")) {
        String rddInVar = params.get("target");
        String rddOffVar = params.get("offset");
        boolean rows = sec.getScalarInput(params.get("margin"), ValueType.STRING, true).getStringValue().equals("rows");
        long maxDim = sec.getScalarInput(params.get("maxdim"), ValueType.DOUBLE, false).getLongValue();
        MatrixCharacteristics mcIn = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(rddInVar);
        if (//default case
        maxDim > 0) {
            //get input rdd handle
            JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> in = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(rddInVar);
            JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> off;
            PartitionedBroadcast<MatrixBlock> broadcastOff;
            long brlen = mcIn.getRowsPerBlock();
            long bclen = mcIn.getColsPerBlock();
            long numRep = (long) Math.ceil(rows ? (double) mcIn.getCols() / bclen : (double) mcIn.getRows() / brlen);
            //execute remove empty rows/cols operation
            JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> out;
            if (_bRmEmptyBC) {
                broadcastOff = sec.getBroadcastForVariable(rddOffVar);
                // Broadcast offset vector
                out = in.flatMapToPair(new RDDRemoveEmptyFunctionInMem(rows, maxDim, brlen, bclen, broadcastOff));
            } else {
                off = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(rddOffVar);
                out = in.join(off.flatMapToPair(new ReplicateVectorFunction(!rows, numRep))).flatMapToPair(new RDDRemoveEmptyFunction(rows, maxDim, brlen, bclen));
            }
            out = RDDAggregateUtils.mergeByKey(out, false);
            //store output rdd handle
            sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
            sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), rddInVar);
            if (!_bRmEmptyBC)
                sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), rddOffVar);
            else
                sec.addLineageBroadcast(output.getName(), rddOffVar);
            //update output statistics (required for correctness)
            MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
            mcOut.set(rows ? maxDim : mcIn.getRows(), rows ? mcIn.getCols() : maxDim, (int) brlen, (int) bclen, mcIn.getNonZeros());
        } else //special case: empty output (ensure valid dims)
        {
            MatrixBlock out = new MatrixBlock(rows ? 1 : (int) mcIn.getRows(), rows ? (int) mcIn.getCols() : 1, true);
            sec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), out);
        }
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("replace")) {
        //get input rdd handle
        String rddVar = params.get("target");
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> in1 = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(rddVar);
        MatrixCharacteristics mcIn = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(rddVar);
        //execute replace operation
        double pattern = Double.parseDouble(params.get("pattern"));
        double replacement = Double.parseDouble(params.get("replacement"));
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> out = in1.mapValues(new RDDReplaceFunction(pattern, replacement));
        //store output rdd handle
        sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
        sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), rddVar);
        //update output statistics (required for correctness)
        MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
        mcOut.set(mcIn.getRows(), mcIn.getCols(), mcIn.getRowsPerBlock(), mcIn.getColsPerBlock(), (pattern != 0 && replacement != 0) ? mcIn.getNonZeros() : -1);
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("rexpand")) {
        String rddInVar = params.get("target");
        //get input rdd handle
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> in = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(rddInVar);
        MatrixCharacteristics mcIn = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(rddInVar);
        double maxVal = Double.parseDouble(params.get("max"));
        long lmaxVal = UtilFunctions.toLong(maxVal);
        boolean dirRows = params.get("dir").equals("rows");
        boolean cast = Boolean.parseBoolean(params.get("cast"));
        boolean ignore = Boolean.parseBoolean(params.get("ignore"));
        long brlen = mcIn.getRowsPerBlock();
        long bclen = mcIn.getColsPerBlock();
        //repartition input vector for higher degree of parallelism 
        //(avoid scenarios where few input partitions create huge outputs)
        MatrixCharacteristics mcTmp = new MatrixCharacteristics(dirRows ? lmaxVal : mcIn.getRows(), dirRows ? mcIn.getRows() : lmaxVal, (int) brlen, (int) bclen, mcIn.getRows());
        int numParts = (int) Math.min(SparkUtils.getNumPreferredPartitions(mcTmp, in), mcIn.getNumBlocks());
        if (numParts > in.getNumPartitions() * 2)
            in = in.repartition(numParts);
        //execute rexpand rows/cols operation (no shuffle required because outputs are
        //block-aligned with the input, i.e., one input block generates n output blocks)
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> out = in.flatMapToPair(new RDDRExpandFunction(maxVal, dirRows, cast, ignore, brlen, bclen));
        //store output rdd handle
        sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
        sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), rddInVar);
        //update output statistics (required for correctness)
        MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
        mcOut.set(dirRows ? lmaxVal : mcIn.getRows(), dirRows ? mcIn.getRows() : lmaxVal, (int) brlen, (int) bclen, -1);
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transform")) {
        // perform data transform on Spark
        try {
            DataTransform.spDataTransform(this, new FrameObject[] { sec.getFrameObject(params.get("target")) }, new MatrixObject[] { sec.getMatrixObject(output.getName()) }, ec);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new DMLRuntimeException(e);
        }
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transformapply")) {
        //get input RDD and meta data
        FrameObject fo = sec.getFrameObject(params.get("target"));
        JavaPairRDD<Long, FrameBlock> in = (JavaPairRDD<Long, FrameBlock>) sec.getRDDHandleForFrameObject(fo, InputInfo.BinaryBlockInputInfo);
        FrameBlock meta = sec.getFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
        MatrixCharacteristics mcIn = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(params.get("target"));
        MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
        String[] colnames = !TfMetaUtils.isIDSpecification(params.get("spec")) ? in.lookup(1L).get(0).getColumnNames() : null;
        //compute omit offset map for block shifts
        TfOffsetMap omap = null;
        if (TfMetaUtils.containsOmitSpec(params.get("spec"), colnames)) {
            omap = new TfOffsetMap(SparkUtils.toIndexedLong(in.mapToPair(new RDDTransformApplyOffsetFunction(params.get("spec"), colnames)).collect()));
        }
        //create encoder broadcast (avoiding replication per task) 
        Encoder encoder = EncoderFactory.createEncoder(params.get("spec"), colnames, fo.getSchema(), (int) fo.getNumColumns(), meta);
        mcOut.setDimension(mcIn.getRows() - ((omap != null) ? omap.getNumRmRows() : 0), encoder.getNumCols());
        Broadcast<Encoder> bmeta = sec.getSparkContext().broadcast(encoder);
        Broadcast<TfOffsetMap> bomap = (omap != null) ? sec.getSparkContext().broadcast(omap) : null;
        //execute transform apply
        JavaPairRDD<Long, FrameBlock> tmp = in.mapToPair(new RDDTransformApplyFunction(bmeta, bomap));
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> out = FrameRDDConverterUtils.binaryBlockToMatrixBlock(tmp, mcOut, mcOut);
        //set output and maintain lineage/output characteristics
        sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
        sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), params.get("target"));
        ec.releaseFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transformdecode")) {
        //get input RDD and meta data
        JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes, MatrixBlock> in = sec.getBinaryBlockRDDHandleForVariable(params.get("target"));
        MatrixCharacteristics mc = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(params.get("target"));
        FrameBlock meta = sec.getFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
        String[] colnames = meta.getColumnNames();
        //reblock if necessary (clen > bclen)
        if (mc.getCols() > mc.getNumColBlocks()) {
            in = in.mapToPair(new RDDTransformDecodeExpandFunction((int) mc.getCols(), mc.getColsPerBlock()));
            in = RDDAggregateUtils.mergeByKey(in, false);
        }
        //construct decoder and decode individual matrix blocks
        Decoder decoder = DecoderFactory.createDecoder(params.get("spec"), colnames, null, meta);
        JavaPairRDD<Long, FrameBlock> out = in.mapToPair(new RDDTransformDecodeFunction(decoder, mc.getRowsPerBlock()));
        //set output and maintain lineage/output characteristics
        sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(output.getName(), out);
        sec.addLineageRDD(output.getName(), params.get("target"));
        ec.releaseFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
        sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName()).set(mc.getRows(), meta.getNumColumns(), mc.getRowsPerBlock(), mc.getColsPerBlock(), -1);
        sec.getFrameObject(output.getName()).setSchema(decoder.getSchema());
    } else {
        throw new DMLRuntimeException("Unknown parameterized builtin opcode: " + opcode);
    }
}

Example 2 with Decoder

use of org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.decode.Decoder in project incubator-systemml by apache.

the class ParameterizedBuiltinCPInstruction method processInstruction.

@Override
public void processInstruction(ExecutionContext ec) throws DMLRuntimeException {
    String opcode = getOpcode();
    ScalarObject sores = null;
    if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("cdf")) {
        SimpleOperator op = (SimpleOperator) _optr;
        double result = op.fn.execute(params);
        sores = new DoubleObject(result);
        ec.setScalarOutput(output.getName(), sores);
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("invcdf")) {
        SimpleOperator op = (SimpleOperator) _optr;
        double result = op.fn.execute(params);
        sores = new DoubleObject(result);
        ec.setScalarOutput(output.getName(), sores);
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("groupedagg")) {
        // acquire locks
        MatrixBlock target = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get(Statement.GAGG_TARGET));
        MatrixBlock groups = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get(Statement.GAGG_GROUPS));
        MatrixBlock weights = null;
        if (params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS) != null)
            weights = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS));
        int ngroups = -1;
        if (params.get(Statement.GAGG_NUM_GROUPS) != null) {
            ngroups = (int) Double.parseDouble(params.get(Statement.GAGG_NUM_GROUPS));
        }
        // compute the result
        //num threads
        int k = Integer.parseInt(params.get("k"));
        MatrixBlock soresBlock = groups.groupedAggOperations(target, weights, new MatrixBlock(), ngroups, _optr, k);
        ec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), soresBlock);
        // release locks
        target = groups = weights = null;
        ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get(Statement.GAGG_TARGET));
        ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get(Statement.GAGG_GROUPS));
        if (params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS) != null)
            ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get(Statement.GAGG_WEIGHTS));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("rmempty")) {
        // acquire locks
        MatrixBlock target = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
        MatrixBlock select = params.containsKey("select") ? ec.getMatrixInput(params.get("select")) : null;
        // compute the result
        String margin = params.get("margin");
        MatrixBlock soresBlock = null;
        if (margin.equals("rows"))
            soresBlock = target.removeEmptyOperations(new MatrixBlock(), true, select);
        else if (margin.equals("cols"))
            soresBlock = target.removeEmptyOperations(new MatrixBlock(), false, select);
        else
            throw new DMLRuntimeException("Unspupported margin identifier '" + margin + "'.");
        //release locks
        ec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), soresBlock);
        ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
        if (params.containsKey("select"))
            ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get("select"));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("replace")) {
        // acquire locks
        MatrixBlock target = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
        // compute the result
        double pattern = Double.parseDouble(params.get("pattern"));
        double replacement = Double.parseDouble(params.get("replacement"));
        MatrixBlock ret = (MatrixBlock) target.replaceOperations(new MatrixBlock(), pattern, replacement);
        //release locks
        ec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), ret);
        ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("rexpand")) {
        // acquire locks
        MatrixBlock target = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
        // compute the result
        double maxVal = Double.parseDouble(params.get("max"));
        boolean dirVal = params.get("dir").equals("rows");
        boolean cast = Boolean.parseBoolean(params.get("cast"));
        boolean ignore = Boolean.parseBoolean(params.get("ignore"));
        int numThreads = Integer.parseInt(params.get("k"));
        MatrixBlock ret = (MatrixBlock) target.rexpandOperations(new MatrixBlock(), maxVal, dirVal, cast, ignore, numThreads);
        //release locks
        ec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), ret);
        ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transform")) {
        FrameObject fo = ec.getFrameObject(params.get("target"));
        MatrixObject out = ec.getMatrixObject(output.getName());
        try {
            JobReturn jt = DataTransform.cpDataTransform(this, new FrameObject[] { fo }, new MatrixObject[] { out });
            out.updateMatrixCharacteristics(jt.getMatrixCharacteristics(0));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new DMLRuntimeException(e);
        }
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transformapply")) {
        //acquire locks
        FrameBlock data = ec.getFrameInput(params.get("target"));
        FrameBlock meta = ec.getFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
        String[] colNames = data.getColumnNames();
        //compute transformapply
        Encoder encoder = EncoderFactory.createEncoder(params.get("spec"), colNames, data.getNumColumns(), meta);
        MatrixBlock mbout = encoder.apply(data, new MatrixBlock(data.getNumRows(), data.getNumColumns(), false));
        //release locks
        ec.setMatrixOutput(output.getName(), mbout);
        ec.releaseFrameInput(params.get("target"));
        ec.releaseFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transformdecode")) {
        //acquire locks
        MatrixBlock data = ec.getMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
        FrameBlock meta = ec.getFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
        String[] colnames = meta.getColumnNames();
        //compute transformdecode
        Decoder decoder = DecoderFactory.createDecoder(getParameterMap().get("spec"), colnames, null, meta);
        FrameBlock fbout = decoder.decode(data, new FrameBlock(decoder.getSchema()));
        //release locks
        ec.setFrameOutput(output.getName(), fbout);
        ec.releaseMatrixInput(params.get("target"));
        ec.releaseFrameInput(params.get("meta"));
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transformmeta")) {
        //get input spec and path
        String spec = getParameterMap().get("spec");
        String path = getParameterMap().get(ParameterizedBuiltinFunctionExpression.TF_FN_PARAM_MTD);
        String delim = getParameterMap().containsKey("sep") ? getParameterMap().get("sep") : TfUtils.TXMTD_SEP;
        //execute transform meta data read
        FrameBlock meta = null;
        try {
            meta = TfMetaUtils.readTransformMetaDataFromFile(spec, path, delim);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            throw new DMLRuntimeException(ex);
        }
        //release locks
        ec.setFrameOutput(output.getName(), meta);
    } else if (opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("toString")) {
        //handle input parameters
        int rows = (getParam("rows") != null) ? Integer.parseInt(getParam("rows")) : TOSTRING_MAXROWS;
        int cols = (getParam("cols") != null) ? Integer.parseInt(getParam("cols")) : TOSTRING_MAXCOLS;
        int decimal = (getParam("decimal") != null) ? Integer.parseInt(getParam("decimal")) : TOSTRING_DECIMAL;
        boolean sparse = (getParam("sparse") != null) ? Boolean.parseBoolean(getParam("sparse")) : TOSTRING_SPARSE;
        String separator = (getParam("sep") != null) ? getParam("sep") : TOSTRING_SEPARATOR;
        String lineseparator = (getParam("linesep") != null) ? getParam("linesep") : TOSTRING_LINESEPARATOR;
        //get input matrix/frame and convert to string
        CacheableData<?> data = ec.getCacheableData(getParam("target"));
        String out = null;
        if (data instanceof MatrixObject) {
            MatrixBlock matrix = (MatrixBlock) data.acquireRead();
            out = DataConverter.toString(matrix, sparse, separator, lineseparator, rows, cols, decimal);
        } else if (data instanceof FrameObject) {
            FrameBlock frame = (FrameBlock) data.acquireRead();
            out = DataConverter.toString(frame, sparse, separator, lineseparator, rows, cols, decimal);
        } else {
            throw new DMLRuntimeException("toString only converts matrix or frames to string");
        }
        ec.releaseCacheableData(getParam("target"));
        ec.setScalarOutput(output.getName(), new StringObject(out));
    } else {
        throw new DMLRuntimeException("Unknown opcode : " + opcode);
    }
}