Examples with Gradient org.deeplearning4j.nn.gradient.Gradient used on opensource projects

Example 86 with Gradient

use of org.deeplearning4j.nn.gradient.Gradient in project deeplearning4j by deeplearning4j.

the class BaseLayer method createGradient.

/**
     * Create a gradient list based on the passed in parameters.
     * Will throw an IllegalArgumentException if the number of gradient matrices
     * isn't equal to the number of keys in the parameter list
     * @param gradients the gradients to create from
     * @return the create based on the passed in ndarrays
     */
protected Gradient createGradient(INDArray... gradients) {
    Gradient ret = new DefaultGradient();
    if (gradients.length != conf.variables().size())
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to create gradients...not equal to number of parameters");
    for (int i = 0; i < gradients.length; i++) {
        INDArray paramI = getParam(conf.variables().get(i));
        if (!Arrays.equals(paramI.shape(), gradients[i].shape()))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Gradient at index " + i + " had wrong gradient size of " + Arrays.toString(gradients[i].shape()) + " when should have been " + Arrays.toString(paramI.shape()));
        ret.gradientForVariable().put(conf.variables().get(i), gradients[i]);
    }
    return ret;
}

Example 87 with Gradient

use of org.deeplearning4j.nn.gradient.Gradient in project deeplearning4j by deeplearning4j.

the class BaseLayer method iterate.

/**
     * iterate one iteration of the network
     *
     * @param input  the input to iterate on
     */
@Override
public void iterate(INDArray input) {
    setInput(input.dup());
    applyDropOutIfNecessary(true);
    Gradient gradient = gradient();
    for (String paramType : gradient.gradientForVariable().keySet()) {
        update(gradient.getGradientFor(paramType), paramType);
    }
}

Example 88 with Gradient

use of org.deeplearning4j.nn.gradient.Gradient in project deeplearning4j by deeplearning4j.

the class BaseOutputLayer method backpropGradient.

@Override
public Pair<Gradient, INDArray> backpropGradient(INDArray epsilon) {
    //Returns Gradient and delta^(this), not Gradient and epsilon^(this-1)
    Pair<Gradient, INDArray> pair = getGradientsAndDelta(preOutput2d(true));
    INDArray delta = pair.getSecond();
    INDArray epsilonNext = params.get(DefaultParamInitializer.WEIGHT_KEY).mmul(delta.transpose()).transpose();
    return new Pair<>(pair.getFirst(), epsilonNext);
}

Example 89 with Gradient

use of org.deeplearning4j.nn.gradient.Gradient in project deeplearning4j by deeplearning4j.

the class DropoutLayer method backpropGradient.

@Override
public Pair<Gradient, INDArray> backpropGradient(INDArray epsilon) {
    INDArray delta = epsilon.dup();
    if (maskArray != null) {
        delta.muliColumnVector(maskArray);
    }
    Gradient ret = new DefaultGradient();
    return new Pair<>(ret, delta);
}

Example 90 with Gradient

use of org.deeplearning4j.nn.gradient.Gradient in project deeplearning4j by deeplearning4j.

the class VariationalAutoencoder method computeGradientAndScore.

@Override
public void computeGradientAndScore() {
    //Forward pass through the encoder and mean for P(Z|X)
    VAEFwdHelper fwd = doForward(true, true);
    IActivation afn = conf().getLayer().getActivationFn();
    //Forward pass through logStd^2 for P(Z|X)
    INDArray pzxLogStd2W = params.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_W);
    INDArray pzxLogStd2b = params.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_B);
    INDArray pzxLogStd2Pre = fwd.encoderActivations[fwd.encoderActivations.length - 1].mmul(pzxLogStd2W).addiRowVector(pzxLogStd2b);
    INDArray meanZ = fwd.pzxMeanPreOut.dup();
    INDArray logStdev2Z = pzxLogStd2Pre.dup();
    pzxActivationFn.getActivation(meanZ, true);
    pzxActivationFn.getActivation(logStdev2Z, true);
    INDArray pzxSigmaSquared = Transforms.exp(logStdev2Z, true);
    INDArray pzxSigma = Transforms.sqrt(pzxSigmaSquared, true);
    int minibatch = input.size(0);
    int size = fwd.pzxMeanPreOut.size(1);
    Map<String, INDArray> gradientMap = new HashMap<>();
    double scaleFactor = 1.0 / numSamples;
    Level1 blasL1 = Nd4j.getBlasWrapper().level1();
    INDArray[] encoderActivationDerivs = (numSamples > 1 ? new INDArray[encoderLayerSizes.length] : null);
    for (int l = 0; l < numSamples; l++) {
        //Default (and in most cases) numSamples == 1
        //0 for first one (to get rid of previous buffer data), otherwise 1 (for adding)
        double gemmCConstant = (l == 0 ? 0.0 : 1.0);
        INDArray e = Nd4j.randn(minibatch, size);
        //z = mu + sigma * e, with e ~ N(0,1)
        INDArray z = pzxSigma.mul(e).addi(meanZ);
        //Need to do forward pass through decoder layers
        int nDecoderLayers = decoderLayerSizes.length;
        INDArray current = z;
        //Need pre-out for backprop later
        INDArray[] decoderPreOut = new INDArray[nDecoderLayers];
        INDArray[] decoderActivations = new INDArray[nDecoderLayers];
        for (int i = 0; i < nDecoderLayers; i++) {
            String wKey = "d" + i + WEIGHT_KEY_SUFFIX;
            String bKey = "d" + i + BIAS_KEY_SUFFIX;
            INDArray weights = params.get(wKey);
            INDArray bias = params.get(bKey);
            current = current.mmul(weights).addiRowVector(bias);
            decoderPreOut[i] = current.dup();
            afn.getActivation(current, true);
            decoderActivations[i] = current;
        }
        INDArray pxzw = params.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_W);
        INDArray pxzb = params.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_B);
        if (l == 0) {
            //Need to add other component of score, in addition to negative log probability
            //Note the negative here vs. the equation in Kingma & Welling: this is because we are minimizing the negative of
            // variational lower bound, rather than maximizing the variational lower bound
            //Unlike log probability (which is averaged over samples) this should be calculated just once
            INDArray temp = meanZ.mul(meanZ).addi(pzxSigmaSquared).negi();
            temp.addi(logStdev2Z).addi(1.0);
            double scorePt1 = -0.5 / minibatch * temp.sumNumber().doubleValue();
            this.score = scorePt1 + (calcL1(false) + calcL2(false)) / minibatch;
        }
        INDArray pxzDistributionPreOut = current.mmul(pxzw).addiRowVector(pxzb);
        double logPTheta = reconstructionDistribution.negLogProbability(input, pxzDistributionPreOut, true);
        this.score += logPTheta / numSamples;
        //If we have any training listeners (for example, for UI StatsListener - pass on activations)
        if (trainingListeners != null && trainingListeners.size() > 0 && l == 0) {
            //Note: only doing this on the *first* sample
            Map<String, INDArray> activations = new LinkedHashMap<>();
            for (int i = 0; i < fwd.encoderActivations.length; i++) {
                activations.put("e" + i, fwd.encoderActivations[i]);
            }
            activations.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_PREFIX, z);
            for (int i = 0; i < decoderActivations.length; i++) {
                activations.put("d" + i, decoderActivations[i]);
            }
            activations.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_PREFIX, reconstructionDistribution.generateAtMean(pxzDistributionPreOut));
            for (TrainingListener tl : trainingListeners) {
                tl.onForwardPass(this, activations);
            }
        }
        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //Backprop
        //First: calculate the gradients at the input to the reconstruction distribution
        INDArray dpdpxz = reconstructionDistribution.gradient(input, pxzDistributionPreOut);
        //Do backprop for output reconstruction distribution -> final decoder layer
        INDArray dLdxzw = gradientViews.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_W);
        INDArray dLdxzb = gradientViews.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_B);
        INDArray lastDecActivations = decoderActivations[decoderActivations.length - 1];
        Nd4j.gemm(lastDecActivations, dpdpxz, dLdxzw, true, false, scaleFactor, gemmCConstant);
        if (l == 0) {
            //TODO: do this without the assign
            dLdxzb.assign(dpdpxz.sum(0));
            if (numSamples > 1) {
                dLdxzb.muli(scaleFactor);
            }
        } else {
            blasL1.axpy(dLdxzb.length(), scaleFactor, dpdpxz.sum(0), dLdxzb);
        }
        gradientMap.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_W, dLdxzw);
        gradientMap.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_B, dLdxzb);
        INDArray epsilon = pxzw.mmul(dpdpxz.transpose()).transpose();
        //Next: chain derivatives backwards through the decoder layers
        for (int i = nDecoderLayers - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            String wKey = "d" + i + WEIGHT_KEY_SUFFIX;
            String bKey = "d" + i + BIAS_KEY_SUFFIX;
            //TODO activation functions with params
            INDArray currentDelta = afn.backprop(decoderPreOut[i], epsilon).getFirst();
            INDArray weights = params.get(wKey);
            INDArray dLdW = gradientViews.get(wKey);
            INDArray dLdB = gradientViews.get(bKey);
            INDArray actInput;
            if (i == 0) {
                actInput = z;
            } else {
                actInput = decoderActivations[i - 1];
            }
            Nd4j.gemm(actInput, currentDelta, dLdW, true, false, scaleFactor, gemmCConstant);
            if (l == 0) {
                //TODO: do this without the assign
                dLdB.assign(currentDelta.sum(0));
                if (numSamples > 1) {
                    dLdB.muli(scaleFactor);
                }
            } else {
                blasL1.axpy(dLdB.length(), scaleFactor, currentDelta.sum(0), dLdB);
            }
            gradientMap.put(wKey, dLdW);
            gradientMap.put(bKey, dLdB);
            epsilon = weights.mmul(currentDelta.transpose()).transpose();
        }
        //Do backprop through p(z|x)
        INDArray eZXMeanW = params.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_W);
        INDArray eZXLogStdev2W = params.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_W);
        INDArray dLdz = epsilon;
        //If we were maximizing the equation in Kinga and Welling, this would be a .sub(meanZ). Here: we are minimizing the negative instead
        INDArray dLdmu = dLdz.add(meanZ);
        INDArray dLdLogSigma2 = dLdz.mul(e).muli(pzxSigma).addi(pzxSigmaSquared).subi(1).muli(0.5);
        INDArray dLdPreMu = pzxActivationFn.backprop(fwd.getPzxMeanPreOut().dup(), dLdmu).getFirst();
        INDArray dLdPreLogSigma2 = pzxActivationFn.backprop(pzxLogStd2Pre.dup(), dLdLogSigma2).getFirst();
        //Weight gradients for weights feeding into p(z|x)
        INDArray lastEncoderActivation = fwd.encoderActivations[fwd.encoderActivations.length - 1];
        INDArray dLdZXMeanW = gradientViews.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_W);
        INDArray dLdZXLogStdev2W = gradientViews.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_W);
        Nd4j.gemm(lastEncoderActivation, dLdPreMu, dLdZXMeanW, true, false, scaleFactor, gemmCConstant);
        Nd4j.gemm(lastEncoderActivation, dLdPreLogSigma2, dLdZXLogStdev2W, true, false, scaleFactor, gemmCConstant);
        //Bias gradients for p(z|x)
        INDArray dLdZXMeanb = gradientViews.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_B);
        INDArray dLdZXLogStdev2b = gradientViews.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_B);
        //If we were maximizing the equation in Kinga and Welling, this would be a .sub(meanZ). Here: we are minimizing the negative instead
        if (l == 0) {
            dLdZXMeanb.assign(pzxActivationFn.backprop(fwd.getPzxMeanPreOut().dup(), dLdz.add(meanZ)).getFirst().sum(0));
            dLdZXLogStdev2b.assign(dLdPreLogSigma2.sum(0));
            if (numSamples > 1) {
                dLdZXMeanb.muli(scaleFactor);
                dLdZXLogStdev2b.muli(scaleFactor);
            }
        } else {
            blasL1.axpy(dLdZXMeanb.length(), scaleFactor, pzxActivationFn.backprop(fwd.getPzxMeanPreOut().dup(), dLdz.add(meanZ)).getFirst().sum(0), dLdZXMeanb);
            blasL1.axpy(dLdZXLogStdev2b.length(), scaleFactor, dLdPreLogSigma2.sum(0), dLdZXLogStdev2b);
        }
        gradientMap.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_W, dLdZXMeanW);
        gradientMap.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_B, dLdZXMeanb);
        gradientMap.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_W, dLdZXLogStdev2W);
        gradientMap.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_B, dLdZXLogStdev2b);
        //Epsilon (dL/dActivation) at output of the last encoder layer:
        //Equivalent to: epsilon = eZXMeanW.mmul(dLdPreMu.transpose()).transpose(); using   (AxB^T)^T = BxA^T
        epsilon = Nd4j.gemm(dLdPreMu, eZXMeanW, false, true);
        //Next line: equivalent to epsilon.addi(eZXLogStdev2W.mmul(dLdPreLogSigma2.transpose()).transpose());       using: (AxB^T)^T = BxA^T
        Nd4j.gemm(dLdPreLogSigma2, eZXLogStdev2W, epsilon, false, true, 1.0, 1.0);
        //Backprop through encoder:
        int nEncoderLayers = encoderLayerSizes.length;
        for (int i = nEncoderLayers - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            String wKey = "e" + i + WEIGHT_KEY_SUFFIX;
            String bKey = "e" + i + BIAS_KEY_SUFFIX;
            INDArray weights = params.get(wKey);
            INDArray dLdW = gradientViews.get(wKey);
            INDArray dLdB = gradientViews.get(bKey);
            INDArray preOut = fwd.encoderPreOuts[i];
            INDArray currentDelta;
            if (numSamples > 1) {
                // only the errors do
                if (l == 0) {
                    //Not the most elegent implementation (with the ND4j.ones()), but it works...
                    encoderActivationDerivs[i] = afn.backprop(fwd.encoderPreOuts[i], Nd4j.ones(fwd.encoderPreOuts[i].shape())).getFirst();
                }
                currentDelta = epsilon.muli(encoderActivationDerivs[i]);
            } else {
                currentDelta = afn.backprop(preOut, epsilon).getFirst();
            }
            INDArray actInput;
            if (i == 0) {
                actInput = input;
            } else {
                actInput = fwd.encoderActivations[i - 1];
            }
            Nd4j.gemm(actInput, currentDelta, dLdW, true, false, scaleFactor, gemmCConstant);
            if (l == 0) {
                //TODO: do this without the assign
                dLdB.assign(currentDelta.sum(0));
                if (numSamples > 1) {
                    dLdB.muli(scaleFactor);
                }
            } else {
                blasL1.axpy(dLdB.length(), scaleFactor, currentDelta.sum(0), dLdB);
            }
            gradientMap.put(wKey, dLdW);
            gradientMap.put(bKey, dLdB);
            epsilon = weights.mmul(currentDelta.transpose()).transpose();
        }
    }
    //Insert the gradients into the Gradient map in the correct order, in case we need to flatten the gradient later
    // to match the parameters iteration order
    Gradient gradient = new DefaultGradient(gradientsFlattened);
    Map<String, INDArray> g = gradient.gradientForVariable();
    for (int i = 0; i < encoderLayerSizes.length; i++) {
        String w = "e" + i + VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.WEIGHT_KEY_SUFFIX;
        g.put(w, gradientMap.get(w));
        String b = "e" + i + VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.BIAS_KEY_SUFFIX;
        g.put(b, gradientMap.get(b));
    }
    g.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_W, gradientMap.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_W));
    g.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_B, gradientMap.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_MEAN_B));
    g.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_W, gradientMap.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_W));
    g.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_B, gradientMap.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PZX_LOGSTD2_B));
    for (int i = 0; i < decoderLayerSizes.length; i++) {
        String w = "d" + i + VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.WEIGHT_KEY_SUFFIX;
        g.put(w, gradientMap.get(w));
        String b = "d" + i + VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.BIAS_KEY_SUFFIX;
        g.put(b, gradientMap.get(b));
    }
    g.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_W, gradientMap.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_W));
    g.put(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_B, gradientMap.get(VariationalAutoencoderParamInitializer.PXZ_B));
    this.gradient = gradient;
}